Wal-Mart Stores Inc. v. Dukes

Betty Dukes and other female current and former Wal-Mart employees (plaintiffs) brought a nationwide class action alleging Wal-Mart's local managers exercised subjective discretion over pay and promotion decisions in ways that disproportionately disadvantaged women, in violation of Title VII.

Whether class certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) is improper if there is no common injury that may be resolved across the entire class.