United States v. Amer
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
110 F.3d 873 (2d Cir. 1997)
Amer took his three children from the United States to Egypt during a visit without his estranged wife's consent, intending to obstruct her parental rights, and was convicted under a statute providing only three specific affirmative defenses, while he sought to invoke additional defenses available under the Hague Convention on international child abduction, a treaty Egypt had never signed.
Whether affirmative defenses available under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction are available to a defendant who has removed children, in violation of the International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act, to a country that is not a signatory to the Hague Convention.