Matthews v. Diaz

Diaz, Clara, and Espinosa (respondents), lawfully present aliens over 65 (with Espinosa a permanent resident while Diaz and Clara remained in the country at the Attorney General's discretion), were denied enrollment in federal Medicare Part B for failing to meet its permanent-residency and five-year U.S. residency requirements; they sued, and the district court found those requirements unconstitutional under the Fifth Amendment's due process clause as not rationally based and reflecting invidious discrimination. The government appealed, and the Supreme Court granted certiorari.