Branzburg v. Hayes

Three reporters — Branzburg, who witnessed and wrote about drug synthesis; Pappas, who recorded a Black Panther statement; and Caldwell, who covered the Black Panther Party — each refused grand jury subpoenas seeking information about what they'd observed or their confidential sources, and were held in contempt. Consolidated before the Supreme Court, they argued the First Amendment protected them from having to testify, since compelled disclosure would deter future sources from speaking to reporters.